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May 7, 2008 - Prompt treatment of a microbe that causes stomach ulcers and other ailments can reverse damage to the lining of the stomach and ultimately prevent one of the most lethal forms of cancer from developing there, MIT researchers have concluded.
In the May 1 issue of Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, the scientists say their study results should lay to rest any question about whether--and when--antibiotic treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can eliminate or reduce risk of developing gastric, or stomach cancer.
The findings are important, the researchers say, because stomach cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and approximately half of the world's population is infected with H. pylori. Although H. pylori infection is now recognized as the major cause of both peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, and has been classified as a group I carcinogen by the World Health Organization, physicians are not sure whom to screen and treat with costly antibiotics, aside from first degree relatives of gastric cancer patients and those with peptic ulcer disease.
Since it typically takes several decades for gastric cancer to develop in those who are susceptible - which is estimated to be up to 3 percent of infected people - researchers also do not know when to treat the infection for maximum benefit. Human studies that tested treatment in patients who had already developed tumors had mixed results, but one previous study showed that giving antibiotics before premalignant lesions develop was successful in preventing cancer, said the study's lead author, James G. Fox, D.V.M., a professor in the Department of Biological Engineering, director of MIT's Division of Comparative Medicine, and member of the MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences.
"We concluded that H. pylori eradication prevented gastric cancer to the greatest extent when antibiotics were given at an early point of infection, but that eradication therapy given at a later time point also delayed the development of severe lesions that can lead to cancer," Fox says.
The current study, which used a new mouse model of gastritis and stomach cancer, examined the effects of treating and eliminating H. pylori at different stages of progression from gastritis, an inflammation of the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, to development of gastric cancer. To do this, Fox and colleagues from MIT and Columbia University developed transgenic "INS-GAS" mice that over-expressed gastrin, a hormone that controls secretion of gastric acid by the stomach's parietal cells. "If you lose these cells over time, they stop secreting gastric acid, and this is, in and of itself, a risk factor for development of cancer, but gastric acid also helps protect against commensal bacterial colonization of the stomach," Fox says.
With increasing age, parietal cells in INS-GAS mice stopped producing gastric acid and underwent precancerous changes. By 20 months of age, the mice spontaneously developed invasive gastric cancer. Infection by H. pylori and progression to gastric cancer was accelerated in these mice, the researchers discovered.
They then treated the mice with antibiotics and looked for cellular changes. They found that, at every stage of advancing infection, mice that were treated with antibiotics had less severe disease . Treating mice that were eight weeks post-infection reduced risk of developing cancer to the same level seen in uninfected mice. But using antibiotics at 12 and 22 weeks post-infection did not reverse the damaging changes, such as inflammation and development of precancerous lesions, to the levels seen in uninfected mice.
"Our mouse model mimics the progressive process we know occurs in development of human gastric cancer," Fox says. "This shows early intervention provides the maximum benefit."
Of added benefit, Fox says, is the associated finding that antibiotic treatment also reduces the level of other bacterial species that have invaded the stomach. "Gastric acid is a barrier to bacteria, and if there is no barrier, bacteria can move into the stomach from the lower bowel and colonize it, producing inflammation and progression to cancer," he says. "Findings in humans and mice now suggest that antibiotic treatment potentially changes gastric microbiota and may impact gastric carcinogenesis."
The first author of this paper is Chung-Wei Lee, M.D. Lee recently received his PhD under the supervision of Fox in the Department of Biological Engineering. Additional authors are Barry Rickman, Arlin B. Rogers, and Zhongming Ge, all of the Division of Comparative Medicine, and Timothy C. Wang of Columbia University.
Types of Cancers in the Stomach
Adenocarcinoma: The
most common form stomach (gastric) cancer that affects the stomach is
adenocarcinoma. About 90% to 95% of cancerous (malignant) tumors of the
stomach are adenocarcinomas. The term stomach cancer, or gastric
cancer, almost always refers to adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma arises
in the glands of the innermost layer of the stomach. This tumor tends
to spread through the wall of the stomach and from there into the
adjoining organs (pancreas and spleen) and lymph nodes. It can spread
through the bloodstream and lymph system to distant organs
(metastasize).
Carcinoid tumor: These are tumors that start in
hormone-making cells of the stomach. Most of these do not spread to
other organs. About 3% of stomach cancers are carcinoid tumors. For
more information, see the American Cancer Society document,
Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): These are rare
tumors that seem to start in cells in the wall of the stomach called
interstitial cells of Cajal. Some are non-cancerous (benign); others
are cancerous. Although these tumors can be found anywhere in the
digestive tract, most (70%) occur in the stomach.
Lymphoma: These are cancers of the immune system
tissue that are sometimes found in the wall of the stomach. They
account for about 4% of stomach cancers. Prognosis and treatment depend
on whether the lymphoma is aggressive or is a slow-growing MALT
lymphoma.
Prevalence
The incidence and death rates for stomach cancer have decreased
markedly during the past 60 years. In 1930, stomach cancer was the
leading cause of cancer-related deaths among American men. Since then,
the death rate in men from stomach cancer in the United States has
dropped from 28 to 5 per 100,000 people. However, stomach cancer is the
second leading cause of cancer death worldwide (source:
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/stomach-0501.html)
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